Journal article published by the Royal United Services Institute, March 2025. 

Report published by the NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence, April 2025. 

Fact Sheet published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), April 2025.  

Article published by the New Security Beat, March 2025. 

Article published by the International Studies Association and Oxford University Press, March 2025.  

A report published by the Heinrich Böll Foundation, February 2025. 

Report published by the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, March 2025. 

A study published by the NATO Defense College, March 2025

The publication explores how climate change is altering the strategic landscape of submarine and anti-submarine operations. Traditionally, security scholars have focused on climate change’s role in civil conflicts, migration, and instability. However, NATO has recently begun to recognize it as a significant threat multiplier that affects global security, particularly in underwater warfare.

An insights paper published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), March 2025.